La europeización del derecho penal. La influencia del derecho de la unión europea en el ordenamiento jurídico-penal nacional de los estados miembros

El derecho penal en los Estados de la Unión Europea ya no es un asunto solo nacional sino influido por los convenios internacionales que inciden tanto en el derecho penal material como en el procesal. El autor muestra como ese Derecho penal europeo engarza con el de la Unión Europea y examina las diversas formas de la europeización del mismo, todo lo cual le permite concluir que los tiempos en los cuales a este ordenamiento se le consideraba una materia nacional han pasado a la historia

Current Developments and Problems of European Criminal Law. The Principle of Mutual Recognition in Times of Crisis – The New Jurisprudence on the European Arrest Warrant as an Example

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Mutual Recognition in an “area of freedom, security and justice”. – 2.1. The Single Judicial Space. – 2.2. Mutual recognition and its background. – 2.3. Mutual trust as the necessary basis for the mechanism of mutual recognition – and the repercussions of the EU crisis? – 3. European Arrest Warrant as a litmus test for the concept of mutual recognition in times of crisis. – 3.1. Mutual recognition as realised by the EAW. – 3.2. Recent Jurisprudence on mutual recognition and potential exceptions. – 4. Outlook

Untersuchung initialer Schritte der Peptidfaltung mit Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie

Die Arbeit liefert neue Beiträge zu zwei wichtigen biophysikalischen Fragestellungen der Peptid-/Proteinfaltung: 1. Welchen Einfluss hat das Lösungsmittel auf die initiale Konformationsdynamik? Das Molekül Azobenzol dient dazu, gezielt in einem ringförmigen Oktapeptid getriebene Konformationsänderungen auszulösen. Azobenzol isomerisiert nach Lichtanregung innerhalb weniger Pikosekunden. Es werden neue Ergebnisse zum Isomerisierungsmechanismus präsentiert, die wichtige Hintergrundinformationen zum Verständnis der Moleküldynamik liefern. Durch die Isomerisation ändert sich die Länge des Azobenzols um fast den Faktor zwei, wodurch in den Azobenzol-Peptiden konformationelle Umorganisationen ausgelöst werden. Bereits früher durchgeführte Messungen an DMSO-löslichen Azobenzol-Peptiden zeigten, dass kinetische Prozesse, die mit Zeitkonstanten von ~10ps und ~100ps ablaufen, der Bewegung des Peptid-Teils zugeordnet werden können. Die hier präsentierten Ergebnisse an Azobenzol-Peptiden, die in Wasser löslich sind zeigen, dass Prozesse auf Zeitskalen >5 ps in Wasser um den Faktor 1.5-2 beschleunigt ablaufen. Man sieht in diesen ultraschnellen Kinetiken echte Umorganisationen des Peptid-Rückgrats, deren Geschwindigkeit durch die Viskositat des Lösungsmittels bestimmt sind 2. Wie schnell ist die Kontaktbildung in Peptiden? Fur ein Verständnis der Proteinfaltung ist wichtig zu wissen, wie lange es dauert, bis zwei (räumlich entfernte) Aminosäuren innerhalb eines Peptids einen Kontakt ausbilden. Zur Bestimmung dieser Kontaktbildungsrate werden Experimente an Xanthon-Peptiden präsentiert, die zwei Marker-Moleküle enthalten. Messungen ergeben, dass der durch einen kurzen Lichtimpuls angeregte Donor Xanthon innerhalb weniger Pikosekunden einen langlebigen Triplett-Zustand besetzt. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass bei direktem Kontakt zum Akzeptor Naphthalin ein Triplett-Triplett Energietransfer innerhalb <=1 ps stattfindet. Das System Xanthon/Naphthalin bildet somit ein ideales Paar von Marker-Molekülen. In den hier untersuchten Peptiden sind Donor und Akzeptor durch zwei (bzw. sechs) Aminosäuren voneinander getrennt und man findet für alle Peptide zwei Zeitkonstanten für die Kontaktbildung. Dies ist ein Hinweis darauf, dass die Peptide im Gleichgewicht in zwei Sub-Ensembles vorliegen: etwa ein Viertel der Peptide befinden sich in einer eher kompakten Form, von der aus eine Kontaktbildung mit einer Zeitkonstanten von ca. 250 ps erfolgen kann, der Rest der Peptide ist in einer eher gestreckten Konformation und die Kontaktbildung erfolgt mit einer Zeitkonstanten im Bereich 6-14 ns

Remuneration and Forced Labour: The Impact of Remuneration on the Classification as Forced Labour Victim in European Law

While European regulations prohibiting forced labour do not explicitly address the impact of remuneration on its presence, a closer look at corresponding case law identifies that indeed some specific principles are repeatedly applied by the European Court of Human Rights. As these guidelines seem to approach the problem in an insufficiently engaged manner, the question arises as to how they could be furthered in order to achieve more efficient, victim-oriented protection. A glance at German law reveals that remuneration thresholds, if cautiously applied, could constitute an adequate, indicational directive in the future

Extension of corporate services brands: the effect of perceived similarity extension and perceived quality brand

O principal objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito da qualidade percebida da marca-mãe e da similaridade percebida sobre as avaliações de extensões de marcas corporativas de serviços. Adicionalmente, também se deseja verificar se a elaboração das características da extensão contribuem para a sua avaliação. As hipóteses foram testadas por meio de três experimentos que envolveram no total 1.131 respondentes. No Estudo 1 foram utilizadas marcas fictícias como estímulo e verificou-se que a qualidade da marca-mãe teve efeito mais importante que a similaridade percebida sobre as avaliações de uma extensão de marca de serviços. No Estudo 2, utilizando como estímulos marcas reais, os mesmos resultados do Estudo 1 foram obtidos. No Estudo 3 verificou-se que a elaboração das características da extensão contribuiu positivamente apenas para uma das extensões propostas para a marca-mãe de alta qualidade, mas não teve nenhum efeito para as extensões propostas para a marca-mãe de baixa qualidade. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados sugerem que a qualidade percebida da marca-mãe tem papel fundamental na avaliação de extensões de marcas corporativas de serviços. O estudo contribui ainda com diversas hipóteses para estudos futuros e implicações gerenciais para gerentes de marcas corporativas de serviços.The main objective of this study is to assess the effect of parent brand perceived quality and perceived similarity on the evaluation of corporate service brand extensions. It is also the intention of this study to verify whether providing information cues about the characteristics of the extension contributes to the brand extension evaluation. The hypotheses were tested by means of three experiments involving 1,131 subjects. The results of Study 1, conducted with fictitious brands as stimuli, demonstrated that the perceived quality of the parent brand played a more significant role than perceived similarity on the evaluations of brand extensions. In Study 2, where real brands were used as stimuli, the results were the same as in Study 1. Study 3 found that providing information cues about the characteristics of the extensions had a positive effect for one of the extensions of the high quality parent brand but not for the two proposed extensions of the low quality parent brand. Taken as a whole, the results suggest that the perceived quality of the parent-brand plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of corporate service brand extensions. The study also contributes several hypotheses for future studies and managerial implications for managers of corporate service brands

Teaching Innovation in Interdisciplinary Environments: Toward a Design Thinking Syllabus

An increasing number of universities offer user-centric innovation courses based on the principles of design thinking. Lecturers combine a plethora of design thinking elements in design thinking course syllabi and thereby adopt teaching styles that range from autonomy-supportive to structured. Using a balance between these two teaching styles seems most suitable to optimally engage students and provide guidance through the innovation process. To develop a syllabus for innovation courses, we draw on best practices currently being undertaken in universities worldwide and examine 11 design thinking syllabi from different departments (Engineering, Design, Business, and Information Systems). We identify 17 common and 18 unique elements of design thinking courses and related course materials. Based on our results, we propose a design thinking syllabus that includes suggestions for course objectives, course setup, assignment design, and team composition using a balance between autonomous-support and structural teaching styles